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Why are these jobs Emerging?
They fit the categories of:
-- New occupations created by technological innovations
-- Existing occupations requiring new high technological skills
-- New occupations created as offshoots of existing occupations
"Biotechnology is a promising field that is predicted to be one of the
pivotal forces of the 21st Century. Today it is saving lives through the
development of breakthrough drugs and improving the quality of life
with new agriculture and environmental products."
Biotechnology Industry Organization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Highlights Page 1
Introduction 2
Biotechnology 3
More about Biotechnology 3
California 3
The Industry 4
Stages of Production 5
Occupational Clusters and Categories 7
Alphabetical Index of Biotechnology Occupations 8
Research and Development 9
Clinical Research 12
Manufacturing and Production 15
Quality Systems 24
Information Systems 28
Preparing for Jobs in Biotechnology 29
Related Academic Programs in California Community Colleges 31
Sources of Additional Information 33
Bibliography 34
HIGHLIGHTS
There are over 1,300 companies engaged in biotechnology in the United States
and over 30 percent of them are located in California.
In 1992, there were about 80,000 people employed nationwide in the
biotechnology industry. By the end of the decade over 200,000 will be
employed in biotechnology according to the Biotechnology Industry
Organization.
In California, some have predicted that up to 20,000 new jobs will be created
in biotechnology companies by the year 2000. Most of these jobs will be in
San Diego, Orange and Los Angeles Counties and in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Most growth is expected in the areas of diagnostics and therapeutics since
Research and development activity and manufacturing have been particularly
high in these areas compared to other sectors of the biotechnology industry.
High turnover and attrition in some companies could mean thousands of job
openings during the 1990s.
Opportunities exist for workers who have completed their associate and
bachelor degrees with emphasis in the biological and laboratory sciences or
technology.
INTRODUCTION
These are examples of a few of the many products and processes developed
through biotechnology:
Tomatoes that can ripen on the vine, stay fresh while they are shipped to
distant produce markets, and still taste good without falling apart in your
hands.
Crops that can grow in the previously infertile acid soil of a section of
Latin America. This area covers about 800,000 square miles or slightly
larger than the size of Mexico.
New drugs which used in combination with existing ones will lower the amount
of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) viruses in blood.
An human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing kit that can be used in the
home.
Potential treatment for Lou Gehrig's disease.
Biological processes that will alter a tree's growth cycle so that it can be
more easily turned into paper while significantly reducing the paper mill's
energy and chemical consumption.
Methods used to capture and convict criminals by identifying an individual's
unique deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics (genetic profiling).
Corn which produces its own natural pesticides.
One common definition of biotechnology is "the use of living cells and
materials to develop and manufacture products used in improving human health,
animal health, agriculture, and the environment." Since this definition is
quite broad, additional examples on the following pages may help provide a
better understanding of biotechnology, its origins, and the industry's
current status in California.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biological methods such as fermentation, cross-breeding, and hybridization
have been long used for producing wine, bread and beer, the breeding of
animals, and the improvement of farm crops. Scientists suspected for years
that nucleic acid in cells carried a major role in cell inheritance, but it
was not until the early 1940s that they were able to prove by experiments at
the Rockefeller Institute that DNA has a direct role in passing genetic
information in all living cells. Biotechnology was born in the 1950s with
the discovery of the structure and function of the DNA molecule by
James Watson and Francis Crick at the University of Cambridge in England.
The DNA molecule contains the genetic information which governs the
transmission of hereditary traits from one generation to the next of most
living systems. With this knowledge the scientists were able to unlock the
mystery of how genetic information was encoded and transmitted. The
resulting development of molecular and cellular biology has helped create the
tools and technologies for altering genetic information in plants and
animals using living cells.
More about Biotechnology
Biotechnology also can be seen as the commercial application of biological
knowledge and modern technologies to manufacture products which are used in
agriculture, medical treatment and diagnosis, environmental cleanup,
cosmetics, and many other areas.
More specifically, scientists have developed genetically engineered drugs to
dissolve blood clots to prevent heart attacks. The development of human
insulin to replace insulin from pigs and cows in the late 1987s was
considered one of the first major accomplishments of biotechnology.
Genetically engineered proteins are used to attack cancer cells, and other
substances are used to halt the growth of cells in leukemia patients.
Medical diagnosis has been advanced by products such as monoclonal
antibodies which are being used to detect pregnancy, various kinds of cancer,
and the presence of sexually transmitted diseases. In the area of animal
health an example of a biotechnology application is the development of a
gene-spliced vaccine which is being used to control a rabies epidemic among
raccoons in the Northeast and Florida.
California
Over 32 percent of the 1,300 biotechnology firms in the United States are
located in California. These 400 companies plus nonprofit Research
institutions employ approximately from 50,000 to 65,000 workers. Recent
estimates project a national biotechnology workforce of over 105,000 by the
year 2000, and the biotech workforce in California could increase by at least
12,000 to 20,000 new jobs by the end of the 1990s.
The Bay Area Bioscience Center reported in Spring of 1993 that California had
over 750 bioscience companies, with over 350 in the Bay Area, approximately
150 in San Diego County, 200 in the Greater Los Angeles area, and about 25
in the Davis/Sacramento region. Its definition of bioscience includes not
only firms which use biotechnology to develop new products and services but
also those which develop biotechnology applications, industry suppliers of
technical products such as computer software and instrumentation, and
universities and Research institutions.
All of the major biotechnology centers have several characteristics in
common: they have major Research universities and leading Research
institutions; an abundance of talent at all levels of bioscience and
biotechnology; a large reservoir of industrial experience such as in
computers, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and electronics; and the
availability of funds to invest in high technology.
The path a product takes from conception to the manufacturing stage usually
takes many years because of basic Research and development, clinical testing,
and regulatory factors. As a result, a bioscience company will likely incur
enormous costs before its product reaches the manufacturing stage. Until
recently, the available pool of talent has been sufficient to meet the needs
of the companies; however, it has become clear that since the early 1990s
there has been a dramatic expansion of the bioscience industry, and there is
a serious shortage of workers who have the required skills and education.
Currently, there are hundreds of pharmaceutical companies that have several
hundred products created through biotechnology methods that are approaching
the end of the Research and development phase. Most of these products that
successfully pass clinical trials and meet regulatory approvals will find
their way to the marketplace. The result will be a rapid increase in
production and commercial manufacturing activities which will create
thousands of job opportunities for prospective workers who meet the
educational and work experience requirements.
The Industry
Identifying the different types of companies within the biotechnology
industry can be difficult. Some companies are created for the purpose of
exploring biotechnology, while others use the process of biotechnology to
manufacture pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental and food products.
The types of biotechnology companies can be divided in several ways. The
Biotechnology Industry Organization separates the industry into the
following areas: therapeutic, human diagnostics, supplier, chemical-
environmental, and agricultural. Other industry organizations have added the
categories of energy production, medical devices, biopharmaceutical,
veterinary, and various combinations of these categories.
The human therapeutics and diagnostics sectors have, by far, the greatest
amount of activity, involving 65 to 70 percent of the biotechnology
companies in the United States. About 17 percent of the companies are
engaged in producing equipment and supplies for bioscience Research and
manufacturing.
The following are examples of types of activities taking place in five
segments of the biotechnology industry and a brief description of the stages
of production for a typical product.
Human Diagnostics: Companies are engaged in producing medical devices to
test for genetic and infectious diseases. Genetic diseases, such as Sickle-
cell anemia, Cystic Fibrosis, and Alzheimer's disease, are those in which
heredity plays a major role. Infectious diseases, like human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and influenza, are those which are
caused by person-to-person exposure to bacteria or a virus. Examples of
diagnostic products are tests for blood screening for various diseases,
materials and equipment used to analyze samples of blood and other bodily
fluids, and tools to locate defective genes which cause hereditary diseases.
Human Therapeutics: Companies produce materials and pharmaceuticals to treat
illnesses. Therapeutic products include genetically engineered proteins used
to lessen the effects of heart attacks and to slow or halt the growth of
cancer cells of patients with leukemia. Several companies are developing
vaccines to treat AIDS and the diseases that are associated with AIDS.
Genetically engineered growth hormones are being used to treat dwarfism,
and other genetically engineered materials are commonly used to treat anemia
and organ transplant rejection. Other diseases which are being treated or
prevented through biotechnology include other forms of cancer, diabetes, and
hemophilia.
Agricultural & Veterinary: Animal scientists have developed methods for
breeding and raising farm animals so that they can be more efficiently raised
resulting in lower production costs. Products of biotechnology include
treatments and tests for farm animal diseases such as those found in cattle,
sheep, and pigs. Vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases such as
foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, tapeworm in sheep, and dozens of other
types of bacterial infections and viruses found in animals throughout the
world.
Food/Chemical: Companies are marketing products developed by scientists
which detect food-borne microbes and toxins and test for chemical
contamination. Genes have been developed to be added to food crops to
provide natural protection against insect pests. Genetically engineered
enzymes have been used in producing high fructose corn syrup which is used
as a sweetener in a large number of prepared foods and beverages and in
producing enzymes for making cheese. Scientists are also working on plants
which are drought and frost resistant.
Environmental: Bacteria have been developed to clean up oil spills and
chemical leaks from storage tanks by rendering the toxic materials or
hazardous substances harmless. Experts have said that this area of
biotechnology offers great promise. Bacteria are also used in cleaning waste
water of harmful chemicals and in detoxifying or reducing industrial waste
at its source.
Stages of Production
Research and Development: A company's first steps in producing and marketing
a new product involves the process of Research and development (R&D).
During R&D, small scale experiments take place as scientists and laboratory
staff work together to develop new products which offer promise. At this
point in time, the number of staff is usually quite small. Typically, an R&D
team would consist of scientists, Research associates, laboratory assistants
and technicians. Because Research is the primary function of the
organization, at this point, most lead scientists possess Ph.D.s while other
Research associates and technical support staff have bachelor's and master's
degrees.
Research and Development is a lengthy process (lasting as long as one year
or more). Researchers concentrate on new discoveries, and scientists and
technical staff engage in process development and the scaling up of
production resources to conduct full-scale manufacturing.
R&D uses far fewer workers than manufacturing. Where R&D employs highly
educated scientists, engineers, and support personnel, manufacturing does
not share the same educational requirements.
Actual production begins at the R&D stage when small amounts of the product
are needed for testing and various experiments, including human clinical
trials. Production, at this point, includes cell culture and fermentation,
where the desired cells and cell parts are grown; primary recovery where the
product is captured for further processing; and the purification and
packaging of the product into bulk form.
A company must then prove to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
that its product is safe and effective. After receiving approval from the
FDA, it may begin testing the drug in clinical trials. During this phase,
production of the product takes place in a pilot plant or in an expanded
section of the laboratory. Up to fifty people may be employed to operate
this small manufacturing facility and to conduct clinical Research.
Before receiving FDA approval for manufacturing and marketing, a company
must establish that its product is safe and effective and can be
manufactured consistently, and the production processes adheres to FDA and
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations relating to Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMPs).
As many as fifteen years may pass from the time a product is first
conceived, developed, and tested before it finally receives regulatory
approval from the FDA for manufacturing.
Manufacturing and Production: Upon receiving permission from the FDA, the
manufacturing process is expanded to produce large quantities of product
which may include creating a manufacturing facility. Additional staff are
hired for the manufacturing process including technicians, operators of
production and packaging equipment, quality systems personnel, and workers
involved with product distribution.
At this stage of operation, the company is hiring more technical personnel
with bachelor's and master's degrees and fewer with Ph.D.s. At the time
employment opportunities increase for technicians who have associate's
degrees from community colleges as well as for support staff with high
school diplomas.
OCCUPATIONAL CLUSTERS AND CATEGORIES
The occupations described in the next section are typical of those found in
the biotechnology industry. For the purpose of this report, we are
describing occupations which are technical in nature, jobs which can serve
as stepping stones to technical positions, and jobs which require high
school graduation or graduation from a college or university with a
bachelor's or master's degree. Jobs requiring Ph.D.s or which are in a
company's administrative or sales organization are not included in this
report.
Occupational descriptions are grouped by five major categories, all or
some of which may be found in a biotechnology company: Research and
Development, Clinical Research, Manufacturing and Production, Quality
Systems, and Information Systems. Since these job descriptions were derived
from a number of industry sources, not all of the occupations may be found
in any one given company, and some of the jobs described may have been
combined with others in actual Research and development or manufacturing
environments.
Job Title: These titles reflect jobs commonly found in a biotechnology
company.
What They Do: This is a brief job description illustrating an individual's
responsibilities and job duties.
Skills/Knowledge: These are examples of some of the major skills, knowledge,
and abilities necessary for a worker to successfully carry out the job.
Training Requirements: These are the minimum educational and work
experience requirements for the job described. Years of experience required
may be stated, for example, as "up to 2 years." This means that employers
may be willing to hire job candidates with no experience or may require up
to two years of specified experience.
Wage: A wage range is usually cited. The lower end of the wage range
reflects the wages typically paid to entry-level workers. The higher end of
the wage range reflects the pay for those workers with two to three years of
experience in the job described. Wage data were obtained from industry
reports or summaries of published wage surveys.
Occupational Codes: This report includes, where possible, appropriate
occupational codes from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the
Occupational Employment System to provide a means of referencing other
occupational materials. "DOT" refers to codes found in the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles (Fourth Edition, Revision 1). "OES" codes are found in
the Occupational Employment Statistics system. "NA" indicates that codes
were not found in either the DOT or OES system.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF BIOTECHNOLOGY OCCUPATIONS
Occupation Page No.
Animal Handlers 12
Animal Technicians 12
Aseptic Fill Assistants 15
Aseptic Fill Research Associates 16
Aseptic Fill Technicians 15
Assay Analysts 16
Biochemical Development Engineers 17
Cell Culture & Fermentation 17
Cell Culture & Fermentation Research Associates 18
Cell Culture & Fermentation Technicians 18
Clinical Research Associates 13
Data Entry Clerks 13
Documentation Clerks 24
Greenhouse Assistants 9
Instrumentation/Calibration Technicians 19
Laboratory Assistants 9
Laboratory Support Workers 10
Library Assistants 28
Manufacturing Engineers 19
Manufacturing Research Associates 20
Manufacturing Technicians 20
Microbiologists 24
Plant Breeders 10
Process Development Associates 21
Process Development Engineers 21
Production Planners 22
Purification Assistants 22
Purification Manufacturing Associates 23
Purification Technicians 23
Quality Assurance Auditors 25
Quality Control Analysts 25
Quality Control Engineers 26
Quality Control Inspectors 26
Research Associates (R&D) 11
Safety Specialists 27
Scientific Programmer Analysts 28
Scientists 11
Statisticians 14
Technical Writers 14
Validation Technicians 27
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
GREENHOUSE ASSISTANTS
What They Do: Greenhouse Assistants perform a variety of greenhouse Research
tasks and experiments. They may make detailed observations to detect
horticultural or pest problems and take corrective action as needed.
Greenhouse Assistants determine optimal cultural requirements and perform
tasks to prevent insects and disease from inhabiting the plants. They may
collect, record, and analyze data and assist in the interpretation of
results. Assistants may also perform troubleshooting and maintenance of
equipment.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Attention to detail.
-- Ability to understand and follow directions.
-- Good written, oral and computer communication skills.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years of greenhouse or plant experience.
Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Scientific Helper, 199.364-014
OES:
Physical Life Science Technicians, 245990
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
LABORATORY ASSISTANTS
What They Do: Laboratory Assistants are responsible for performing a variety
of tasks in the laboratory including weighing and measuring compounds and
solutions, making detailed observations, analyzing data on experiments, and
interpreting results. They may also write experimental reports and
summaries. Assistants maintain laboratory equipment and inventories for
laboratory equipment and supplies. They may perform limited troubleshooting
and calibration of laboratory instruments and also care for and handle
animals in animal laboratories.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Attention to detail.
-- Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to follow and execute detailed instructions.
-- Ability to understand regulatory procedures.
-- Understanding of troubleshooting procedures.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree in the laboratory sciences.
-- Have up to two years of laboratory experience.
Wage Range: $17,000 - $29,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Scientific Helper, 199.364-014
OES:
Physical Life Science Technicians, 245990
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
LABORATORY SUPPORT WORKERS
What They Do: Laboratory Support Workers are responsible for washing and
caring for glassware in the laboratory. They distribute the equipment to
work stations within the laboratory. They operate and maintain the
glass washing equipment and keep the work area clean and neat. They may use
the autoclave to sterilize glassware and other laboratory items and keep
inventory of supplies.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to maintain accurate records.
-- Good written and oral communication skills.
-- Ability to understand and follow directions.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree or equivalent.
-- Up to two years of work experience preferred.
Wage Range: $12,000 - $21,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Cleaner, Laboratory Equipment, 381.687-022
OES:
Janitors, Cleaners, 670050
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
PLANT BREEDERS
What They Do: Plant Breeders work with Research staff in designing,
developing, executing, and carrying out plant breeding Research projects to
develop and improve varieties of crops. They work on projects to improve
crop characteristics such as size, yield, resistance to disease, weather,
and insect pests. The Breeder may use exotic germ plasm and work with
various mating systems. They integrate with biotechnology as needed to
enhance selection methods and accelerate product development.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to maintain accurate records.
-- Attention to detail.
-- Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree or equivalent.
-- Up to two years of experience in plant breeding, agronomics and/or
-- training in plant breeding or plant science.
Wage Range: $20,000 - $40,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Plant Breeder, 041.061-082
OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
Research ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Research Associates in Research and Development are usually
responsible for performing Research and laboratory tasks for projects and
products in collaboration with others. They assist in the design and
execution of experiments and in the interpretation of the results of the
scientific investigation. Their work often requires the preparation of
technical reports, protocols, summaries and analyses of data. Research
Associates may act as principal investigators in conducting their own
experiments.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to maintain accurate records.
-- Ability to read and understand relevant scientific literature.
-- Strong observational and computational skills.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in a discipline such as biology, biochemistry, chemistry,
molecular biology, or biotechnology.
-- Possess up to two years of laboratory experience with MS and two to five
years with BS.
Wage Range: $25,000 - $45,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Various biology and chemistry occupations
OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
Chemists, 241050
Research AND DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTISTS
What They Do: Scientists perform similar tasks as Research Associates
however they are expected to utilize a more detailed knowledge of scientific
theory and applications and to apply this knowledge towards the development
of new products and inventions and to solve complex Research problems. The
Scientist is usually responsible for designing and implementing scientific
Research and development projects in conjunction with other Research staff.
They provide scientific guidance to staff and may supervise other Scientists
and Research Associates.
Skills/Knowledge
-- High degree of scientific creativity and technical proficiency.
-- Excellent oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to transfer scientific knowledge to practical applications.
Training/Requirements
MS degree in biological sciences or chemistry with up to five years of
experience in a Research environment or Ph.D. in a scientific discipline
with up to two years of experience.
Wage Range: $40,000 - $65,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Various biology and chemistry occupations
OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
Chemists, 241050
CLINICAL Research
ANIMAL HANDLERS
What They Do: Animal Handlers are responsible for the daily care of
laboratory animals. They provide food and water to the animals and clean and
disinfect their cages, racks, and pens. Handlers examine the animals for
signs of illness, provide grooming and baths, adjust the temperature and
humidity of the animal quarters, and maintain records to comply with
regulatory standards and operating procedures.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to monitor, restrain, handle, and care for laboratory animals.
-- Attention to detailed instructions.
-- Good oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to maintain detailed records.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or equivalent with a scientific background.
-- Possess up to two years of laboratory experience.
Wage Range: $13,000 to $18,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Animal Caretaker, 410.674-010
OES:
Animal Caretakers, except Farm, 790170
CLINICAL Research
ANIMAL TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Animal Technicians provide care for Research animals before
and after surgery. They check on their condition after surgery and maintain
required records of their condition. Technicians are also responsible for
obtaining laboratory animals, supplies, carrying out preventative
maintenance of laboratory equipment, and developing standard operating
procedures for the handling and care of animals. In addition, they prepare
the treatment rooms for surgery and assist in restraining the animal during
examinations and inoculations.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to monitor, restrain, handle, and care for laboratory animals.
-- Understand detailed instructions and procedures.
-- Ability to maintain required laboratory records.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or equivalent with a scientific background.
-- Possess up to two years of laboratory experience.
Wage Range: $16,000 - $23,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Veterinary Technician, 079.361-014
OES:
Veterinary Technicians, 329510
Veterinary Assistants, 798060
CLINICAL Research
CLINICAL Research ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Clinical Research Associates design, plan, and implement
clinical Research projects. They monitor the running of clinical trials at
each trial site and collect pertinent biological data. Research Associates
are responsible for evaluating and analyzing clinical data and coordinating
activities of associates to ensure compliance with technical guidelines and
overall clinical objectives.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge and understanding of clinical terminology and operations.
-- Attention to detail.
-- Good organization and oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Understanding of regulatory practices.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in biological sciences or RN degree or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years experience in medical Research, pharmaceutical
Research, or nursing.
Wage Range: $30,000 to $55,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT: Not Available
OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
CLINICAL Research
DATA ENTRY CLERKS
What They Do: Data Entry Clerks are responsible for using a keyboard or
other type of data entry device to enter clinical Research data into a
computer statistical database. They may operate on-line terminals, personal
computers, and scanners.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to key enter data at a high speed and with accuracy.
-- Good spelling and grammatical skills.
-- Familiarity with technical language and terminology.
Training/Requirements
High school diploma or AA degree with training in word processing, data
entry or some job experience.
Wage Range: $11,000 to $25,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Data Entry Clerk, 203.582-054
OES:
Data Entry Keyers, 560170
CLINICAL Research
STATISTICIANS
What They Do: Statisticians in clinical Research work with company staff in
various departments to design, test, and implement statistical programs
which process data generated from clinical trials. They are responsible for
planning data collection efforts, interpreting and evaluating the data
produced, identifying trends and data relationships, and taking action to
correct data inconsistencies.
Their data are usually presented in the form of computer generated tables,
charts, graphs, and written reports.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Understanding of clinical terminology and regulations relating to good
-- clinical practices.
-- Good organization and oral, written and computer communication skills.
-- Familiarity with technical language and terminology.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree and above in mathematics or statistics.
-- Possess up to two years experience in clinical Research.
Wage Range: $25,000 to $45,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Statistician, Applied, 020.167-026
OES:
Statisticians, 253120
CLINICAL Research
TECHNICAL WRITERS
What They Do: Technical Writers write and edit laboratory procedure manuals,
standard operating procedures, and other technical and administrative
publications. The Technical Writer edits and rewrites material in
compliance with governmental regulatory and company standards and language
and assists in developing documentation and materials for training,
reference, informational and other purposes.
Some Technical Writers specialize in Researching, writing and editing
clinical reports for submission to regulatory agencies such as the Food and
Drug Administration.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to write in coherent technical English.
-- Understand clinical terminology.
-- Familiarity with federal standards for technical reports and proposals.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree or equivalent.
-- Have up to two years of experience in writing and editing technical
-- reports.
Wage Range: $25,000 to $45,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Writer, Technical Publications, 131.267-026
OES:
Technical Writers, 340050
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL ASSISTANTS
What They Do: Aseptic Fill Assistants set up and operate equipment used to
manufacture and package new and existing products. Assistants weigh,
measure, and check products to assure that they contain the correct
proportion of specified ingredients.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to maintain accurate records.
-- Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating
procedures.
-- Ability to use basic math to collect data and perform calculations.
-- Ability to document processes and troubleshoot problems.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree in biotechnology or related
-- health sciences field.
-- Up to two years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment is
preferred.
Wage Range: $18,000 to $26,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Aseptic Fill Technicians assist in setting up, operating,
and maintaining production systems. They may also be responsible for
assisting in the packaging and distribution processes and in maintaining
production equipment.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge of manufacturing procedures and federal regulations pertaining
to manufacturing practices.
-- Familiarity with process flow diagrams and statistical process control.
-- Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical
problems.
-- Perform effectively under stress or in emergencies.
Training/Requirements
-- Associate degree in biological sciences or BS degree in a scientific
discipline.
-- Possess up to 2 years experience.
Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASEPTIC FILL Research ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Aseptic Fill Research Associates put company production
procedures into practice. They may assist in developing the processes to
improve product yield and to reduce the costs in manufacturing systems
relating to aseptic fill.
Research Associates may also be responsible for operating and troubleshooting
packaging equipment and have responsibility for servicing the equipment.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge about how the production systems operate.
-- Ability to suggest and develop improvements to the production system.
-- Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical
problems.
-- Attention to detail.
-- Knowledge of process flow diagrams, statistical process control, and
production scheduling.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in a biological science.
-- Have up to two years of experience in aseptic fill in a manufacturing
environment.
Wage Range: $24,000 - $55,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
ASSAY ANALYSTS
What They Do: Assay analysts perform assays and tests on tissue and cell
cultures to evaluate the quality of the culture media. They obtain and read
standard protocols and procedures for testing. Analysts prepare, maintain,
and check cell cultures and tissues, reagents, and equipment prior to tests.
They must also document and record test results and assist in modifying
assay procedures.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to use basic math.
-- Ability to follow formal procedures and instructions.
-- Knowledge of procedures used in troubleshooting problems in the event of
equipment or test failure.
-- Ability to document and report test results.
-- Understand company quality control and quality assurance systems.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or equivalent.
-- Up to 2 years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment.
Wage Range: Not Available
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
BIOCHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS
What They Do: Biochemical Development Engineers are responsible for the
design and scaling up of processes, instruments, and equipment from the
laboratory stages of development to the pilot plant and manufacturing process.
The engineer is also responsible for assisting manufacturing staff in solving
problems related to production equipment and systems and for participating
in the design of new manufacturing facilities and equipment. In addition,
the engineer develops and recommends new process formulas and technologies
to achieve cost effectiveness and product quality.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Knowledge of pilot plant and manufacturing processes, manufacturing
facilities and equipment.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree in biological, chemical, or pharmaceutical engineering or
related discipline.
-- Up to 2 years of experience in pharmaceutical processes or Research
product development.
Wage Range: Not Available
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Chemical Engineer, 008.061-018
OES:
Chemical Engineers, 221140
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION ASSISTANTS
What They Do: These Assistants support manufacturing staff in specific
product-related operations in bacterial fermentation. They operate and
maintain production equipment used in bacterial fermentation such as
bioreactors, cell harvest, and separation procedures. They also weigh,
measure, and check raw materials to assure proper ingredients and quantities
and maintain records to comply with regulatory requirements.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to follow formal procedures and instructions.
-- Knowledge of procedures used in troubleshooting problems.
-- Ability to document and report test results.
-- Understand company quality control and quality assurance systems.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree in microbiology, cell biology in
biotechnology, or a health related field.
-- Up to 2 years of experience in sterile manufacturing environment.
Wage Range: $18,000 - $26,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Fermenter Operator, 559.685-070
Laboratory Assistant, Culture Media, 559.384-010
OES:
Chemical Equipment Tenders, 929380
Biological, Agricultural, Food Technicians, 245020
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Cell Culture and Fermentation Technicians are responsible
for successfully completing all activities involved with cell cultures to
maintain protein production levels in compliance with established production
practices and procedures. The technicians operate and maintain bioreactors
used for monoclonal antibody/protein production. They also assist in
preparing production standards and procedures.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Attention to detail and sterile techniques.
-- Knowledge of good manufacturing practices.
Training/Requirements
-- Associate degree in biotechnology or biology or BS degree in biological
sciences or related health fields.
-- Experience in sterile manufacturing environment.
Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
CELL CULTURE AND FERMENTATION Research ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Research Associates in cell culture and fermentation are
responsible for operating and troubleshooting the operation of bioreactors.
They produce cell and virus concentrations and volumes according to
production schedules and perform cell culture activities such as preparing
the media and components, assisting in the development of production
testing, harvesting cells and assuring that required production procedures
are being followed.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Thorough knowledge of bioreactors.
-- Ability to devise improvements to existing systems.
-- Ability to design, execute and interpret prototype fermentation methods.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in microbiology or cellular biology.
-- Up to 2 years of experience in pharmaceutical processes or Research
product development.
Wage Range: $24,000 - $42,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
INSTRUMENTATION/CALIBRATION TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Instrumentation/Calibration Technicians are responsible for
maintaining, testing, calibrating, and repairing a variety of circuits,
components, analytical equipment and instrumentation. Technicians calibrate
instrumentation, perform validation studies, and set up purchases of
equipment. They analyze test results, develop test specifications and
electrical schematics, and maintain logs and required documentation.
They may prepare technical reports with recommendations for solving
technical problems.
Skills/Knowledge/
-- Ability to accurately document findings.
-- Ability to communicate effectively in writing, orally and electronically.
-- Knowledge and ability to follow regulations pertaining to good
manufacturing practices.
-- Ability to troubleshoot equipment failure.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or AA degree in biotechnology or health related
fields.
-- Scientific background and from one to two years of experience in quality
control systems.
Wage Range: $22,000 to $35,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Calibrator, 710.381-034
OES:
Workers, Precision, 899990
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS
What They Do: Manufacturing Engineers are responsible for developing,
implementing, evaluating and maintaining manufacturing methods, operational
sequences, and manufacturing processes. They work with engineering
department staff to coordinate the release of new products, estimate
manufacturing costs, determine time standards and recommend production
requirements for new and existing product lines.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Knowledge of product design and materials.
-- Knowledge of manufacturing processes, equipment capabilities, and
production methods.
-- Knowledge and understanding of quality control/assurance standards.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree in a scientific discipline or equivalent.
-- Up to 2 years experience in Research product development or in
manufacturing.
Wage Range: $32,000 - $56,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Manufacturing Engineer, 012.167-042
OES:
Industrial Engineers, 221280
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING Research ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Manufacturing Research Associates are responsible for
assisting in the implementation of production procedures to improve
manufacturing processes. The Research Associate may also maintain
production equipment and be involved in the packaging and distribution
processes.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Detailed knowledge of manufacturing systems.
-- Knowledge of good manufacturing practices and attention to detail.
-- Ability to identify and devise methods to improve existing systems.
-- Good computational skills.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in biological sciences or in other scientific discipline.
-- Up to two years of experience in a manufacturing environment.
Wage Range: $22,000 to 40,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Manufacturing Technicians operate and maintain equipment
used in the manufacturing and packaging of products. Technicians are
responsible for implementing and coordinating production in the
fermentation, purification and septic fill processes. They weigh, measure
and check raw materials, and ensure that the manufactured batches contain
he proper amount and mix of ingredients.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to understand detailed instructions.
-- Knowledge of good manufacturing practices.
Training/Requirements
-- HS diploma or equivalent at the entry level.
-- BS or MS degree in biological sciences.
-- Up to 2 years of experience in manufacturing.
Wage Range: $18,000 - $33,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Process Development Associates implement procedures to
optimize and improve manufacturing processes. They assist in developing
production processes which improve product yield and reduce production
costs. Processes may be in fermentation, purification, and aseptic fill
areas. Associates may be also responsible for Researching, developing, and
implementing new methods and technologies to improve production.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Attention to detail essential.
-- Detailed knowledge of manufacturing processes, equipment capabilities,
and production methods.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in biosciences, other scientific disciplines or in
engineering.
-- Up to 2 years experience in manufacturing.
Wage Range: $22,000 - $38,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Production Engineer, 012.167-046
OES:
Industrial Engineers, 221280
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERS
What They Do: Process Development Engineers design, develop, modify and
enhance existing manufactured products and manufacturing processes. Specific
tasks vary depending on the type of process under consideration, for
example, assignments may involve electrical, mechanical, or chemical
engineering. Engineers may be responsible for contacts with outside vendors
and for the administration of contracts.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to suggest and develop improvements to the production system.
-- Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating
procedures.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in the biosciences or in electrical, mechanical, or
chemical engineering.
-- Up to 2 years of related experience.
Wage Range: $25,000 - $53,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Chemical Engineer, 008.061-018
Electrical Engineer, 003.061-010
Mechanical Engineer, 007.061-014
OES:
Chemical Engineers, 221140
Electrical Engineers, 221260
Mechanical Engineers, 221350
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION PLANNERS
What They Do: Production Planners plan, schedule, and coordinate all of
the activities throughout the manufacturing process. They draft schedules
for each operational step, assure that materials are available, and
determine that all production activities are in place to meet expected
completion and shipping dates. Planners work closely with staff in
production, quality control, customer service, and marketing and sales to
assure that production schedules can be met and that the finished products
are meeting company standards and customer needs.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Possess good written, oral and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to analyze processes in detail.
-- Ability to select appropriate methods and procedures to solve technical
problems.
-- Perform effectively under stress or in emergencies.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree or equivalent.
-- Possess up to 2 years of manufacturing experience.
Wage Range: $21,000 - $31,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Production Planner, 012.167-050
OES:
Industrial Engineers-except Safety, 221280
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION ASSISTANTS
What They Do: Purification Assistants assist technicians in setting up
and maintaining equipment used in protein purification and in the
manufacturing of final products. They also assist in the preparation of
materials used in the purification process. Purification Assistants also
check, weigh, and measure batches of manufactured materials to assure
that they contain the correct ingredients and proper amounts. This is
usually an entry level position involving primarily routine work assignments.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to understand and follow instructions.
-- Knowledge of and adherence to good manufacturing practices, regulatory
requirements, and company production policies.
-- Ability to take and maintain detailed records.
Training/Requirements
-- HS diploma or associate degree in a bioscience or health field.
-- Have up to two years of experience in sterile manufacturing.
Wage Range: $18,000 - $26,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION MANUFACTURING ASSOCIATES
What They Do: Purification Manufacturing Associates are responsible for
implementing improvements to existing purification systems. They may also
assist in developing processes to reduce production costs while improving
he final product. Associates may operate purification equipment and have
responsibility for troubleshooting and maintaining this equipment.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to maintain accurate records.
-- Familiarity with regulatory requirements and standard operating
procedures.
-- Detailed knowledge of purification systems.
-- Ability to document processes and diagnose problems.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS in biochemistry or other scientific discipline.
-- Have up to two years of related experience.
Wage Range: $27,000 - $42,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
PURIFICATION TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Purification Technicians set up, operate and maintain the
equipment used in protein purification. They prepare buffers used in the
purification process and perfume in-process testing.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge of manufacturing procedures and federal regulations relating
to manufacturing practices.
-- Ability to maintain accurate and detailed records.
Training/Requirements
-- Associate degree in laboratory sciences or BS in biotechnology or related
scientific field.
-- Possess up to 2 years experience preferably in sterile manufacturing.
Wage Range: $21,000 - $32,000 per year
Occupational Codes: Not Available
QUALITY SYSTEMS
DOCUMENTATION CLERKS
What They Do: Documentation Clerks are responsible for maintaining the
company's documentation system requirements such as standard operating
procedures and other required documentation. They audit documentation
manuals to assure that they are accurate and current and maintain a filing
system of all master documents.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good written, oral and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to maintain and locate documents and records.
-- Ability to work independently.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree.
-- Up to two years of experience in documentation or quality control
or quality assurance.
Wage Range:
$20,000 to $30,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
File Clerk I, 206.387-034
OES:
File Clerks, 553210
QUALITY SYSTEMS
MICROBIOLOGISTS
What They Do
Microbiologists develop and carry out chemical, physical and biochemical
tests to study microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, found
in samples of raw materials used in production and in samples of
in-process and finished products. Using optical and electron microscopes,
chromatographic equipment, spectrophotometers, amino acid analyzers, and
other equipment to examine microorganisms to ensure that company and
regulatory quality standards are being met. They are also responsible
for documenting the results of microbiological tests.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to work independently and in work groups and teams.
-- Good written and oral communication skills.
-- Knowledge and understanding of company, industry, and regulatory
standards.
-- Ability to carry out detailed tasks requiring high degrees of
accuracy.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in microbiology.
Wage Range:
$26,000 to $47,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Microbiologist, 041.061-058
OES:
Biological Scientists, 243080
QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY ASSURANCE AUDITORS
What They Do
Quality Assurance Auditors perform audits of the production and quality
control departments to determine if these organizational units are
adhering to regulatory requirements on good manufacturing practices and
are complying with company specifications and standards.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to understand regulatory standards.
-- Good organizational, computational and communication skills.
-- Ability to maintain detailed records.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree in the biosciences or another scientific discipline.
-- Up to two years of experience in biological or pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
Wage Range:
$26,000 to $40,000 per year
Occupational Codes
NA
QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSTS
What They Do
Quality Control Analysts conduct routine and non-routine analysis of raw
materials and formulations which are in-process or finished according to
standard operating procedures. They compile data for the documentation
of testing procedures and prepare reports and review data to determine
if products are being produced in accordance with specifications. They
are also responsible for revising and updating company standard operating
procedures and may calibrate and maintain laboratory equipment.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge of statistical flow diagrams and process flow diagrams.
-- Familiarity with regulations pertaining to good manufacturing and good
laboratory practices.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in biological sciences or another scientific discipline.
-- Possess up to two to five years of experience preferably in a Research
environment in chemistry or biochemistry.
Wage Range:
$26,000 - $40,000
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Quality Control Technician, 012.261-014
OES:
Physical, Life Science Technicians, NEC, 245990
QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL ENGINEERS
What They Do: Quality Control Engineers develop, apply and maintain
quality control standards for processing materials into partially finished
or finished products. Engineers design and implement methods and procedures
for inspecting, testing, and evaluating the precision and accuracy of the
production equipment and equipment used in the testing and inspection.
They prepare documentation for inspection, testing procedures to assure
that products comply with company and regulatory practices. Engineers may
also conduct company training or supervise quality control efforts.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Knowledge of statistical flow diagrams and process flow diagrams.
-- Familiarity with regulations pertaining to good manufacturing and good
laboratory practices.
Training/Requirements
-- BS or MS degree in engineering or the biological sciences.
-- Possess up to two to five years of quality control experience.
Wage Range:
$30,000 to $50,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Quality Control Engineer, 012.167-054
OES:
Industrial Engineer, except Safety, 221280
QUALITY SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL INSPECTORS
What They Do: Quality Control Inspectors are responsible for performing a
variety of inspections, checks, tests, and sampling procedures on raw
materials, materials in-process, and finished products to be sent to a
microbiologist or Quality Control Analyst for further analysis. They
document their findings for other staff to evaluate. They also monitor the
operation of critical equipment and instrumentation and write and revise
inspection procedures and inspection checklists.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to accurately document findings.
-- Ability to communicate effectively in writing, orally and by computer.
-- Knowledge and ability to follow regulations pertaining to good
manufacturing practices.
-- Ability to troubleshoot equipment failure.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree in biotechnology or health
related fields.
-- Scientific background and from one to two years of experience in
quality control systems.
Wage Range:
$22,000 to $35,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Quality Control Technician 012.261-014
OES:
Physical, Life Science Technicians, NEC, 245990
QUALITY SYSTEMS
SAFETY SPECIALISTS
What They Do: Safety Specialists develop, implement, and monitor
industrial safety programs. They inspect plant areas on a regular basis to
ensure compliance with federal and state occupational and safety
regulations. They evaluate equipment and raw materials for safety and
monitor and perform tests to determine employee exposure to toxic materials,
noise and other hazards. Safety Specialists may be responsible for
providing employee training in hazardous waste collection and disposal.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Thorough understanding of federal and state industrial safety
regulations and industry and professional standards.
-- Good organization and oral, written, and computer communication skills.
-- Ability to accurately document and report test results and to take
appropriate corrective action.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years of related experience.
Wage Range:
$20,000 to $36,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Safety Inspector, 168.264-014
OES:
Compliance Officers and Enforcement Inspectors--except Construction, 219100
QUALITY SYSTEMS
VALIDATION TECHNICIANS
What They Do: Validation Technicians develop, perform and prepare test
procedures and standards to determine and ensure that products are being
manufactured according to regulatory standards, company specifications and
validation requirements. They compile and analyze validation data, prepare
reports and recommend changes and improvements in manufacturing procedures.
They also maintain validation records and data files. Validation technicians
may be responsible for troubleshooting manufacturing problems and developing
solutions.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Good documentation and computational skills.
-- Understanding of regulations pertaining to good manufacturing practices.
-- Good organization and oral, written, and computer communications skills.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or associate degree in a biotechnical or related
health sciences field.
-- Have up to two years of experience in a sterile manufacturing
environment.
Wage Range:
$25,000 to $40,000 per year
Occupational Codes
NA
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
LIBRARY ASSISTANTS
What They Do: Library Assistants locate and order articles and
publications requested by library users. These materials may be in the form
of books, periodicals, microfiche, audio and video tapes, computer
diskettes, and other electronic media. They perform special data collection
projects as requested and are responsible for conducting on-line computer
searches of scientific databases. Library Assistants are also responsible
for maintaining the publications catalog systems.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Ability to communicate effectively.
-- Ability to use computers to conduct data searches and for word
processing.
-- Detail oriented.
Training/Requirements
-- High school diploma or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years of relevant library experience or completion of
on-the-job training.
Wage Range: $12,000 to $20,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Library Assistant, 249.367-046
OES:
Library Assistants, etc., 539020
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMER ANALYSTS
What They Do: Scientific Programmer Analysts design, develop, evaluate and
modify computer programs to solve scientific or engineering problems and to
support Research and development efforts. They analyze existing systems and
formulate logic for new systems. Analysts devise logical procedures, prepare
flow charts, develop coding, perform tests and debug programs. They are
responsible for providing documentation for new and existing programs,
determining system specifications, input and output processes, and hardware
and software compatibility.
Skills/Knowledge
-- Analytical skills.
-- Ability to think logically.
-- Good communication and interpersonal skills.
-- Ability to work with abstract concepts and to work accurately under
pressure.
Training/Requirements
-- BS degree in a scientific discipline or equivalent.
-- Possess up to two years of related experience.
Wage Range: $24,000 to $50,000 per year
Occupational Codes
DOT:
Programmer-Analyst, 030.162-014
OES:
System Analysts, Elec. Data Processing, 251020
PREPARING FOR JOBS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Employers have stated that there are many skills and abilities that they
look for in entry-level workers. Some of these include the following:
-- Ability to work as a team member.
-- General laboratory skills.
-- English language skills: to communicate and understand written and
spoken instructions and directions, conduct record keeping, and
maintain log books.
-- Use of basic math: add, subtract, multiply, and divide using whole
numbers, fractions, and decimals; solve problems using percentages,
metric system conversions, and ratios. Highly level technical jobs
will require competency in college level mathematics.
-- Use of computers for word processing, producing spreadsheets, and
manipulating data.
-- Ability to understand and follow instructions such as governmental
regulations and company policies relating to safety, production
practices and laboratory procedures.
-- Attention to detail.
-- Recognition of problems and reporting them.
Students preparing for careers in biotechnology should be prepared to
complete high school courses such as chemistry, biology, and mathematics.
Laboratory experience and training is especially important to develop the
basic skills that will be needed on the job or to succeed in course work at
community college and university levels. A strong base in the high school
sciences and mathematics, in addition to the development of communication
skills, is especially necessary to prepare students for employment if they
wish to enter the workforce upon graduation from high school.
Some community colleges, industry organizations, and companies have
established or are attempting to forge partnerships to provide training to
prospective biotechnology technicians.
Students should work closely with their instructors, counselors and advisers
throughout their years in high school and college to plan their academic
programs and to assess their opportunities in the industry.
Companies may be willing to hire interns, and many will consider interns who
have completed high school, graduates with associate degrees, and students
attending community colleges.
Most biotechnology companies provide in-house training following employment;
however, it would be more realistic to expect training from a combination of
sources: employers, colleges and universities, and technical schools.
For those who are interested in careers as scientists in California, most
community colleges offer courses in the biological sciences. Schools in the
California State University and University of California systems and private
institutions throughout the state offer numerous courses ranging from
biology and the biological sciences to biochemistry, bioengineering, and
biomedical physics to molecular and cellular biology.
Students should be aware that the biotechnology industry continually changes
as it develops new products. The mix of workers in the manufacturing stage
will differ from the worker mix in Research and development. Some companies
may eventually specialize in R&D while others may concentrate more on
manufacturing. A company specializing in R&D will tend to hire fewer
workers than a manufacturing facility. It will also hire mainly scientists,
engineers, and a small number of technicians to develop and test their
products. When a company reaches the manufacturing stage, it then hires
more workers to staff technical, clerical, administrative, sales, and
maintenance positions.
RELATED ACADEMIC PROGRAMS IN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY COLLEGES
The following is a list of programs offered in the California Community
College system in the biological sciences and related areas. It was
compiled from the publication California Colleges and Universities-1995
published by the California Postsecondary Education Commission. Prospective
students interested in these programs should contact these schools for
more detailed information. This list is not all-inclusive and subject to
change at any time.
BIOCHEMISTRY
College of San Mateo
College of the Siskiyous
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES
College of Alameda
Citrus College
Los Medanos College
San Diego City College
Victor Valley College
BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Fullerton College
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Allan Hancock College
Antelope Valley College
Bakersfield College
Barstow College
Butte-Glenn College
Cabrillo College
Canada College
Cero Coso Community College
Cerritos College
Chabot College
Chaffey College
Citrus College
College of Alameda
College of Marin
College of the Canyons
College of the Desert
College of San Mateo
College of the Redwoods
College of the Sequoias
Columbia College
Compton Community College
Contra Costa College
Crafton Hills College
Cuesta College
Cuyamaca College
Cypress College
Diablo Valley College
East Los Angeles College
El Camino College
Feather River College
Foothill College
Fresno City College
Fullerton College
Gavilan College
Glendale Community College
Golden West College
Grossmont College
Hartnell College
Imperial Valley College
Kings River Community College
Las Positas College
Long Beach City College
Los Angeles Mission College
Los Angeles Southwest College
Los Angeles Valley College
Mendocino College
Merced College
MiraCosta College
Mission College
Modesto Junior College
Monterey Peninsula College
Moorpark College
Mt. San Antonio College
Mt. San Jacinto College
Orange Coast College
Oxnard College
Palo Verde College
Palomar College
Pasadena City College
Porterville College
Rancho Santiago College
Riverside Community College
Saddleback College
San Bernardino Valley College
San Diego City College
San Diego Mesa College
San Diego Miramar College
San Francisco City College
San Joaquin Delta College
San Jose City College
Santa Barbara City College
Santa Monica College
Santa Rosa Junior College
Shasta College
Skyline College
Solano Community College
Southwestern College
Taft College
West Hills College
West Los Angeles College
West Valley College
Yuba College
BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY
Cerritos College
Los Angeles City College
Los Angeles Valley College
Napa Valley College
San Joaquin Delta College
BIOTECHNOLOGY/BIOTECHNOLOGY Research
Contra Costa College
DeAnza College
MiraCosta College
San Diego Miramar College
Skyline College
Vista College
LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Merced College
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Fresno City College
San Diego Mesa College
College of the Siskiyous
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
East Los Angeles City College
Fullerton College
MICROBIOLOGY
Compton Community College
Crafton Hills College
Foothill College
Fullerton College
Rancho Santiago College
Riverside City College
Shasta College
College of the Siskiyous
Southwestern College
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
New York Biotechnology Association, Inc.
25 East Loop Road
Stony Brook, NY 11790
(516) 444-8895
http://www.nyba.org/
Bay Area Bioscience Center
1300 Clay Street, Suite 320
Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 874-1464
http://babc.bio.com/
Biotechnology Industry Organization
1625 K Street, N.W., Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 857-0244
http://www.bio.org/welcome.html
Education Development Center, Inc.
55 Chapel Street
Newton, MA 02158-1060
(617) 969-7100
http://www.edc.org/
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
9650 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20814-3996
(301) 53300-7145
American Society for Microbiology
Office of Education and Training-Career Information
1325 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 737-3600
http://www.asmusa.org/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biotechnicians: Employment Projections and Skills Requirements,
BioQuest, Inc., San Francisco, California, 1993
Biotechnology Industry Training Needs, The Resource Group, Riverside,
California, 1995
Biotechnology: The Choice for Your Future, Biotechnology Industry
Organization, Washington, D.C., 1991.
"California Bioscience Industry," Bay Area Bioscience Reports, Spring 1993,
Bay Area Bioscience Center, Oakland, California
California Colleges and Universities-1995, California Postsecondary
Education Commission, Sacramento, California, 1995.
Cony, Ann, "Calgene Competitor Patiently Waiting for the Ripe Moment,"
Sacramento Bee, October 6, 1993.
The Economist, "Predictors of Global Famine Have Had to Eat Their Words,"
Sacramento Bee, June 18, 1995.
The Emerging Bioscience Skills Gap, Bay Area Bioscience Center and the Bay
Area Council, Oakland, California, 1991.
Gateway to the Future: Skill Standards for the Bioscience Industry,
Education Development Center, Inc., Newton, Mass., 1995
Hall, Carl T., "Making Friends With Frankenfish," San Francisco Examiner and
Chronicle, June 18, 1995.
Hall, Carl. T., "Chiron Leads The Rebound in Biotechnology," San Francisco
Chronicle, August 14, 1955.
Minuteman Regional Vocational Technical School District Biotechnology Task
Force, Biomanufacturing in Massachusetts: An Assessment and
Educational Analysis, Massachusetts State Department of Education,
Lexington, Mass., 1992
Seymour, Patricia, Opportunities in Biotechnology, New York Biotechnology
Association, Inc., Stony Brook, N.Y., 1994.
Yund, Mary Alice, Bioscience White Paper, NOVA Private Industry Council,
Sunnyvale, Calif., 1995.
Source: State of California, Employment Development Department,
Labor Market Information Division, Information Services Group,
(916) 262-2162.
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